Papers of John Adams, volume 7

C. W. F. Dumas to the Commissioners, 13 September 1778 Dumas, Charles William Frederic Franklin, Benjamin Lee, Arthur JA C. W. F. Dumas to the Commissioners, 13 September 1778 Dumas, Charles William Frederic Franklin, Benjamin Lee, Arthur Adams, John
C. W. F. Dumas to the Commissioners
Messieurs La Haie 13e. Sept. 1778

Quoique ce ne soit pas aujourdhui jour de poste, je commencerai par vous dire, que l'Assemblée d'Hollande, après avoir duré longtemps hier, est enfin venue à la Résolution, de porter l'équipement de cette République, pour le temps qu'il y aura guerre entre la F—— et l'Angle-30terre, indépendamment de l'Escadre qu'il y a aux Indes occidentales, à 32 tant Vaisseaux de Ligne que Frégattes, et 8000 hommes d'Equipage, pour servir en Europe, principalement dans la Manche, et dans la Mer du Nord. Ces 32 vaisseaux seront prêts partie en Janvier prochain, et partie dans les cours de l'année prochaine.1

L'Adresse de toute la Bourse d'Amsterdam est arrivée, et fera le sujet des Délibérations suivantes.2 Cela fera que l'Assemblée se tiendra quelques jours encore.

On a parlé au G p: que l'on s'attendoit à des démarches vigoureuses de la part du Gouvernement et d'un grand personnage, non seulement quant aux réclamations à faire, mais aussi quant aux voies les plus efficaces pour obliger les Anglois à laisser observer à la republique la plus exacte neutralité, et quant aux ordres qu'on donnera aux Capitaines des Vaisseaux de guerre à cet égard. Sur ce que le G p. biaisoit làdessus, on lui a dit tout rondement, que le Parti dans la Republique qui voudroit frustrer cette juste attente, se déclareroit par-là manifestement pour l'Angleterre, et seroit un Parti Anglois, prêt à sacrifier les Hollandois aux Anglois. Je tiens tout cela de source.

15e. Sept. 1778

L'Adresse a été lue, tant dans l'Assemblée de LL. hh. pp., que dans celle d'Hollande; et l'on continue de s'en occuper sérieusement.

Ce n'est pas tout. Rotterdam s'éveille enfin aussi: il est arrivé une adresse pareille d'un certain nombre de Marchands de cette Ville. Ceux de Dort se plaignent aussi. On leur a enlevé, et restitué, à la vérité, quelques vaisseaux; mais ils y sont pour 300 Livres sterling de fraix, qu'ils réclament comme juste. L'Envoyé de la Republique à Londres a écrit ici les noms de 3 vaisseaux restitués par l'Angleterre; et parmi ces 3 s'en trouve malheureusement un qu'on ne peut pas dire restitué, puis qu'il a été repris en pleine mer par un Vaisseau de guerre Hollandois, Cap. Van Braam. Il a écrit aussi, qu'il avoit fait des représentations à la Cour de Londres contre de pareilles saisies, comme étant contraires aux principes du Droit de la Nature et des Gens; après quoi il fait entendre, qu'il suspendra ses démarches ultérieures à cet égard et sur ce ton jusqu'à-ce qu'il sache que ses Maîtres l'approuvent. On diroit qu'il a quelques doutes, que ceux-ci veuillent que le Sujet Hollandois soit traité par l'Anglois selon ces principes.

Tout cela, Messieurs, embarrasse et désole le Parti Anglois ici.

16e. Sept. 1778

Je viens de recevoir, Messieurs, les respectables vôtres du 9 et 10 de ce mois.3 J'ai tout de suite été chez le G—— F—— (où j'ai entrée à toute heure du jour, come un Enfant de la Maison). Il est très content de la 31Lettre. En lisant le passage qui a rapport à votre précédente démarche, cela vaut de l'or, a-t-il dit, et notre ami en pourra tirer grand parti. Je vais en tirer Copie, pour la laisser à notre Ami, après lui avoir montré l'original.

Outre l'adresse d'Amsterdam, il est arrivé ce matin une Députation du Commerce d'Amsterdam au Prince, pour le même sujet.

17e.

Il est arrivé une 2e. adresse de Rotterdam. Elle est d'un seul Marchand, nommé Dubbel de Mutz:4 mais c'est la plus forte de toutes, et curieuse d'ailleurs pour les particularités qu'elle renferme. Voici celle qu'on m'en a dite. Les patrons des Navires Hollandois conduits en Angleterre, doivent y subir, comme des criminels sur la sellette, des interrogatoires de 30 pages in folio, où on leur demande tout ce qu'ils ont fait chez eux et sur mer depuis leur naissance, les voyages qu'ils ont faits, et en quelles qualités; les marchandises ou cargaisons qu'il y avoit dans les vaisseaux où ils se sont trouvés pendant toute leur vie; et l'on prie LL. hh. pp. de faire entendre fortement au Roi d'Angleterre, qu'il n'a que faire de se mêler des affaires de leurs sujets. Demain on s'occupera sérieusement de la besogne touchant les captures, et les adresses auxquelles elles ont donné lieu. Si la Résolution qu'on doit prendre en conséquence n'est pas assez vigoureuse pour obliger les Anglois à respecter le pavilion Hollandois, Amsterdam aimera mieux qu'on n'en prenne aucune, plutôt qu'une Résolution molle, qui rende les Anglois encore plus insolents.

Le g—— F—— desirant d'avoir l'Adresse du Commerce d'Amsterdam, je la lui ai procurée; et il l'a fait copier par ses Commis. C'est une piece de 15 pages in folio, forte pour les choses, et modérée dans la forme. Je dois la rendre dans une heure; autrement j'en ferois tirer copie pour moi aussi. Les principes sur lesquels on s'y fonde, sont le Droit de la Nature et des gens, l'équité naturelle, et le Traité entre l'Angleterre et la Hollande du 1/11 Dec. 1674 et 30 Dec. 1675, conclu alors pour la sûreté des Anglois-mêmes, pendant que la Hollande étoit en guerre avec la France;5 et l'on y demande à LL. hh. pp. de pourvoir promptement et efficacement à la sûreté du Commerce de ce pays, non seulement par les plus sérieuses représentations à la Cour Britannique sur les excès passés, et pour les faire cesser, mais aussi par une protection suffisante de vaisseaux de guerre, &c.

18e. Sept. 1778

La résolution prise aujourdhui aux Etats d'Hollande, pour faire de fortes représentations, et protéger le Commerce, est bonne. Voilà, ce que le temps me permet ajourd'hui d'ajouter. J'ai laissé ma Lettre ou-32verte jusqu'au dernier moment, pour pouvoir vous dire cette importante nouvelle.

Je suis avec le plus respectueux dévouement Messieurs Votre très humble & très obéissant serviteur

Dumas

Tous, le Prince-même, Sont convenus que la conduite des Anglois est insupportable.

C. W. F. Dumas to Benjamin Franklin: A Translation, 13 September 1778 Dumas, Charles William Frederic Franklin, Benjamin Lee, Arthur JA C. W. F. Dumas to Benjamin Franklin: A Translation, 13 September 1778 Dumas, Charles William Frederic Franklin, Benjamin Lee, Arthur Adams, John
C. W. F. Dumas to Benjamin Franklin: A Translation
Gentlemen The Hague, 13 September 1778

Although today is not post-day, I will begin by informing you that, after a long session yesterday, the Assembly of Holland has finally resolved that as long as France and Britain are at war and in addition to the squadron in the West Indies, it would increase the Republic's forces by 32 ships of the line and frigates, and 8,000 crewmen, to serve in Europe, mainly in the Channel and the North Sea. Of these 32 vessels, part will be ready by next January and the rest during the course of the next year.1

The address by the Bourse of Amsterdam has arrived and will be the topic of the next deliberations.2 The Assembly will thus be in session a few more days.

They told the Grand Pensionary that they would expect some vigorous démarches by both the government and an important personage, not only on the demands to be made, but also on the most effective means of compelling the English to allow the Republic to observe the most exact neutrality and on the orders to be given to captains of warships in this regard. In response to the Grand Pensionary's evasions on this head, they told him very frankly that the party that would frustrate this legitimate expectation would be declaring itself manifestly in favor of England and would be an English Party, ready to sacrifice the Dutch to the British. I heard all this from good sources.

15 September 1778

The address has been read, both in the assembly of Their High Mightinesses and in that of Holland, and continues to be under serious consideration.

There is more. Rotterdam is finally waking up: a similar address was received from a number of merchants of that city. Those of Dort are also complaining. As a matter of fact, several of their vessels were seized and then returned, but they had to spend 300 pounds sterling which they demand as justice. The Republic's envoy in London sent here the names of 3 vessels which were returned by Britain, but among those, one cannot properly be called restored since it was taken back by a Dutch warship, Captain van Braam. He also wrote that he had made remonstrances to the London Court against such captures as being contrary to the principles of the law of nature and nations, adding that he will suspend further action in that vein and tone until he is sure that his 33superiors approve. One could say that he has some doubts as to whether they wish the Dutch subject to be treated by the British according to these principles.

All this, gentlemen, greatly embarrasses and distresses the English party here.

16 September 1778

I have just received, gentlemen, your letters dated the 9th and 10th of this month.3 I immediately went to the Grand Facteur (where I am received at all hours of the day, like a child of the House). He is very pleased with the letter. While reading the passage concerning your previous démarche, he said this is worth gold, and our friend will be able to make much of it. I am going to make a copy and leave it with our Friend, after having shown him the original.

In addition to the Amsterdam address, there arrived this morning a delegation from Amsterdam's Chamber of Commerce to meet with the Prince on the same subject.

17 September 1778

A second address from Rotterdam has arrived. It comes from a single merchant named Dubbel de Mutz,4 but it is the strongest of them all, and rather curious for the details it reveals. Here is the one I was told of. The masters of Dutch ships taken to England must undergo, on the spot and as if they were criminals, interrogatories of 30 pages in folio that ask them to tell everything they ever did, at home and at sea, since their birth; the voyages they have made, and in what capacity; the merchandise or cargo aboard the vessels they were on during their entire life. Their High Mightinesses are requested to let the King of England know in no uncertain terms that he cannot interfere in the affairs of their subjects. The issue of the captures will be seriously considered tomorrow, together with the addresses they have given rise to. If the resolution adopted is not strong enough to force the British to respect the Dutch flag, Amsterdam will urge that there be none, for a feeble resolution would only make the British even more insolent.

Since the Grand Facteur wished to have a copy of the address of the Amsterdam merchants, I procured it for him and he had it copied by his secretaries. It is 15 pages in folio, strong in content, but moderate in form. I have to return it in an hour, otherwise I would have made a copy for myself. The principles on which it is based are those of the law of nature and nations, natural equality, and the treaty between Great Britain and Holland of 1/11 December 1674 and 30 December 1675, concluded at the time by the British for their own protection, while Holland was at war with France.5 It asks Their High Mightinesses to attend promptly and effectively to the security of this country's commerce, not only through the serious representations to the British Court for past excesses in order to bring them to an end, but also through a sufficient force of men-of-war, &c.

34 18 September 1778

The resolution taken today by the States of Holland to make stronger representations and to protect the country's trade is satisfactory. This is what time allows me to add today. I left my letter open until the last moment, in order to be able to report this important news.

I am with the most respectful devotion, gentlemen, your very humble and very obedient servant

Dumas

Everyone here, even the Prince, thinks that the British behavior is intolerable.

RC (PPAmP: Franklin Papers); docketed by William Temple Franklin: “Dumas. Sept 13. 78”; in another hand: “M Dumas public.”

1.

This resolution of the provincial assembly, entitled “Authorisatie op Gedeputeerden ter Generaliteit omtrent het bevorderen van een Equipage voor 1779” [Authorization for the deputies to the Admiralty about the promoting an Equipage for 1779] (Resolutien van de Heeren Staaten van Holland en Westvriesland, 1778, 2:959–961) and intended for presentation to the States General of the United Provinces, was adopted in response to the proposal presented by Amsterdam on 8 Sept. See Dumas' letters to the Commissioners of 4 and 9 Sept. (both above). After much procrastination and in the face of strong pressure from Amsterdam and France, the States General adopted the substance of this resolution—the outfitting of 32 warships—on 26 April 1779, in the form of a secret resolution. See Benjamin Franklin to JA, 10 May, and note 4 (below).

2.

This address, translated into English as “from the merchants, proprietors of vessels, and exchange insurers,” was printed in vol. 2 of Almon's Remembrancer for 1778 (London, 1779, p. 92–96). Also in the Remembrancer were memorials from “the Merchants and owners of ships” of Rotterdam and from “the Merchants, Proprietors of vessels, and Exchange Insurers” of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Dordrecht (p. 96–99).

3.

Only the letter of the 9th (above) has been found.

4.

Possibly either Franco or Adrianus Dubbeldemuts. See Dumas to the Commissioners, 18 Dec., note 5 (below).

5.

The desire of the merchants of Amsterdam and other Dutch cities to base their commerce on the principles set down in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1674 and Explanatory Convention of 1675, and to have those principles respected by Britain, is understandable, but their hopes were unrealistic. Those agreements had been initiated by the English in order that they might take over the carrying trade during the Franco-Dutch war then in progress. Art. 1 of the treaty declared that each party could trade unmolested with states at war with the other signatory, and Art. 8 provided that free ships made free goods. The explanatory convention dealt with Art. 1 and stated that the vessels of either party could trade from a neutral to a belligerent port, and vice versa, as well as from one belligerent port to another (George Chalmers, ed., A Collection of Treaties between Great Britain and Other Powers, London, 1790, p. 177–178, 182–183, 189–191). At the time this allowed English ships to conduct an unrestricted trade with France, except in contraband as listed in Art. 3 (same, p. 178–179), even to the extent of taking over the carrying trade that normally would have been the exclusive province of French ships.

In 1778 the British were unwilling to permit the Dutch to obtain any commercial advantage from the agreements. In the Seven Years' War the British government made its positions clear. Its promulgation of the Rule of 1756 effectively annulled the convention and Arts. 1 and 8 of the treaty by prohibiting a neutral from taking over any trade, i.e. with the French colonies, in time of war that was not open in time of peace. In addition, a clear distinction came to be made between trading with an enemy and for an enemy, the latter being, for all intents, prohibited so as not to permit a neutral 35state to benefit from the war. For a discussion of the Treaty of 1674 and the Convention of 1675, and the efforts by the British to diminish their effect, see Richard Pares, Colonial Blockade and Neutral Rights, 1739–1763, London, 1938, chaps. 3 and 4.