Papers of John Adams, volume 9
I had not till This afternoon, your Favour of the third of this month. I am greatly obliged to you, sir for this and the other of the 7th. I may promise to be as faithfull a Correspondent, as the particular Situation I am in, will permit: But you must be very sensible, that I cannot be very exact in the Payment of Debts of this sort.
I really cannot devine the Principle, nor the Passion, nor the Humour upon which the Exchange of the Prisoners is refused. After exchanging between the British Government and American Authority in France after the numerous Exchanges between Boston and New York, and Between Boston and Hallifax I should think, if they were uniform even in their Whimsies, they could not refuse an Exchange between America and England. This Method was adopted more for the Ease of British subjects than American Citizens, and the rude Rejection of it, will hurt them more than Us.1
There are three French Frigates arrived, from Charlestown S.C. which sailed the 24 Jany. and left all quiet, not even expecting an Ennemy, which leaves 27 days for Clinton to have proceeded from N. York, a Circumstance which increases the Probability, that the fleet met with a storm. The french Men of War which were in Chesapeak Bay are all Safe so that Cornwallis must have failed of that Part of his Enterprise, If he ever had it in View.
I believe with you that the Committees of Correspondence in 44England and Ireland must embarrass the Ministry: but will they be of any Use to Us, if the Persons who take the lead in these Correspondences Associations and Congress, should prevail and get into Power, will not their Aeconomical Projects rather injure than serve our Cause, by enabling them to command more Money, and make greater Exertions. But is there any common Principle of Union left in the Minds of the People which can be made a Foundation of Union and bind them together, against both the Terms and the Allurements of the Court? These Movements to be sure a very similar to those in America.
The Committee of Correspondence is purely an American Invention. It is an Invention of Mr. Sam. Adams, who first conceived the Thought, made the first Motion in a Boston Town Meeting, and was himself chosen the first Chairman of a Committee of Correspondence, that ever existed among men.2 They do him Honour by adopting his Discovery, but I am afraid they will do Us all Injury, by turning his Empire against Us.
If the Irish are as wise, as their first Efforts seem to indicate, they will take Advantage of this Opportunity, to obtain compleat Liberty. They show plainly that they understand what is necessary to this End and proceed towards it with a Caution that will insure them success.
It is a vast Pleasure to hear that the great and amiable Characters you mention, are clearly for American Independance. It is not all to be wondered that Minds, which have comprehended the Truth of Things from the Beginning of this Controversy should continue to see, in a just Light the Situation and the Interests of both Countries. And nothing is more certain than that all those who are for Independance, on Provisoes, will find themselves deceived and disappointed as egregiously as ever a Bernard, an Hutchinson a Gage or an How, have done. Have those who talk of America's giving up the Alliance, ever considered what they say? Would not these very Men despise her if she did it, for doing it? Would not America, if there is any Ingenuity, Modesty, Candour, Honour or Virtue of any other denomination in her forces despise herself for so doing. Would not the Universe detest her, as well as despise her? Would she not throw herself by such a Measure more absolutely into the Power of Great Britain, than she ever would have been if she had submitted to the Claims of Parliament in all Cases whatsoever. Surely Americans, have common sense, they are capable of some Reflection, they have some Knowledge of their Interests, and they have some Sentiments of what is right and fit.
45Those who talk of federal Alliances, with America, do they mean against France and Spain? Could England trust America, after violating her Virgin faith, with such shameless Prostitution if she were to make such a League. England might think that France would not trust her again, but England could not trust her more. I know not how such Ideas strike other Minds but to me they seem the fruit of a total Dissolution of all Principles, and all moral Sentiments and Feelings, and they suppose such a Dissolution in America, but those who suppose it will find themselves mistaken, they will find that there are Principles there which will be an Overmatch for Fire and Sword.
There are others who talk of constitutional Impossibilities of acknowledging American Independance,3 a strange unmeaning Gibberish which they have inferred from Ld Chathams observation that the Act of settlement had consecrated the Descent of the Crown, and its Authority and Preogatives over all the dominions to the Heirs of the Princess Sophia of Hanover: as if the Act of settlement was made to abolish all the Principles which produced it, and upon which it was founded.
I should be very happy to take the London Courant: and will endeavour to accomplish it. I have the Honour to be, with much Respect, sir, your most obedient servant,
Prisoner exchanges had occurred in April and July 1779, but no further exchanges took place in Europe for a variety of reasons. The most important was the lack of any sizable pool of English prisoners taken by American ships and imprisoned in France that could be exchanged for Americans confined in England. By March 1780 this problem had been exacerbated by the exchange of the prisoners taken by John Paul Jones from the Serapis in 1779 for French prisoners and the absolute refusal of the British government to permit Americans held in England to be exchanged for British prisoners held in America. Other obstacles to further exchanges were the anomalous position of the Americans who were not technically prisoners of war; the reluctance of the British government to negotiate with Benjamin Franklin for fear of giving even tacit recognition to the United States; and the apparent desire of the British authorities to dash any hopes that the American prisoners might have for exchange so as to encourage them to volunteer for service in the British navy (Catherine M. Prelinger, “Benjamin Franklin and the American Prisoners of War in England during the American Revolution,”
WMQ
, 3d ser., 32:261–294 [April 1975]; Benjamin Franklin to the president of Congress, 4 March 1780, Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
3:534–537).
JA refers to Samuel Adams' motion at a Boston town meeting on 2 Nov. 1772. But the committee of correspondence thereby created was not the first “that ever existed among men.” Committees of correspondence had been used extensively in America before 1772, usually during specific crises, such as that surrounding the Stamp Act of 1765–1766. Samuel Adams' conception of the committee's purpose was unique. He saw it as the nucleus for an opposition party and ultimately even the foundation for a new government. The success of the movement in Massachusetts and the other colonies led JA to wonder about its English reincarnation. If committees of 46correspondence enjoyed similar success there and led to a change in government, he feared that the economic reforms advocated by those involved in the movement would enable Britain to carry on the war more effectively since the merchants and gentry objected less to the war in America than to its vast cost. Moreover, even a new government willing to end the war in America might be unable or unwilling to back down from the war with France and Spain. Then, since the United States was tied to France by treaty, the conflict would continue (Boston Record Commissioners, Reports
, 18:93; Richard D. Brown, Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1970, p. 46–48).
See Edmund Jenings' letter of 5 March and JA's reply of 12 March (both above).
Paris, 14 March 1780. RC in John Thaxter's hand (PCC, No. 84, I, f. 325–327). printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 3:544–545.
This letter, which Congress received on 11 Sept., was based on intelligence provided by Edmund Jenings and Thomas Digges in their letters of 5 and 7 March, respectively (both above). John Adams reported on the number of troops available in England, Ireland, and Scotland; British naval movements; and the apparent intention of the British ministry to dispatch no more troops to America. For information on French intentions, Adams referred Congress to the Vicomte de Noailles, whom Adams expected would carry the letter to America.
printed:Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 3:544–545.)
Paris, 14 March 1780. RC in John Thaxter's hand (PCC, No. 84, I, f. 321–324). LbC (Adams Papers); notation by Thaxter: “NB. Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18 & 19 were delivered to Mr. Brown of S. Carolina. No. 15th on the tenth of March, the rest on the 15th. of March 1780.” printed: Wharton, ed., Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 3:545–547.
In this letter, read in Congress on 11 Sept. and based on information taken from Thomas Digges' letters of 3 and 7 March (both above), John Adams reported on the troops sent with Lt. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton to Charleston, naval operations, the progress of the county association and volunteer movements in England and Ireland, and events in Parliament.
printed:Dipl. Corr. Amer. Rev.
, 3:545–547.)
I have just received from London, the Letters, Extracts of which are inclosed.1 They may possibly contain Some particulars, of Use to your Excellency. I beg your Pardon, sir, for troubling you with Intelligence which you undoubtedly have Much sooner, in greater detail, and with more Authority than mine. But in such Times as these, great Effects are sometimes produced by, small particulars of Intelligence: for which Reason, if your Excellency will permit it, I will take the 47Liberty to send you from Time to Time, the best Intelligence I can collect. I have the Honour to be with, the greatest Respect, your Excellencys most obedient & most humble servant,
In his reply of 20 March (Adams Papers) thanking JA for the intelligence, Sartine referred to two extracts, probably from Thomas Digges' letters of 3 and 7 March (both above).