Papers of John Adams, volume 9
Circumstances I flatter my self will plead my Excuse for addressing to you this letter. Agreable to the advise of my friends and my own Inclinations, I Embarked ab'd of the Mercury Packett last Augt. with an Intention of persuing my mercantile proffession (till the war is happily terminated) in France; and of travelling in Europe, previous to this resolution in the years 77 and 78, I made a compleat tour of America Even to the borders of Florida; and Establish'd Extensive mercantile connections in the several states. My alluring prospects Induc'd me to determine to unite myself mutually with Jona. Williams Esqr. of this City in business, before my departure from America, previous to which I considered with attention the necessity of being fully recommended; but as I was perticularly recommended to you Sir by Mrs. Adams, Majr. Genl. James Warren and Lady, also Robt. T. Paine Esqr.1 I repos'd my confidence in those Letters and consequently did not provide others for this quarter th'o to the other ports, of Europe I am fully supported by Letters from the most substantial merchants in New-England; the day before our departure you arriv'd in Boston, consequently I left the letters for you with Genl. Warren; Our stay then being so contracted that I came off, almost depriv'd of any letters for Nantes; however I was fortunate in being presented with a line from Mrs. Mecomb2 which I had the honour to deliver to the Honbl. Benj'n Franklin Esqr. at Passi. My motive in addressing this Epistle, is to crave the honour, of Introducing my self to you Sir and to congratulate your safe arrival in Europe. As I am at this period launched upon a stage of life, that I wish to Improve to the best advantage and as I wish to cultivate my manners before I commence my travells in Europe (or return to America). Pardon me Sir If I urge your goodness in supplying my deficiency of recommendations, by favouring me with a few Lines to your acquaintance in Nantes (agreeable to Genl. Warrens Letter which I flatter my self he communicated before your departure,) particular to Mr. Williams as I have commenc'd a connection with him, that will probably augment in proportion to his being assur'd respecting my character, family, connections etc. in America; another to Mr. Swighaiuser probable will be productive of Extending the circle of my polite Edifying 33acquaintance.3 Probable you are sufficiently acquainted with my fathers circumstances to announce his affluence. etc.—besides his, be assur'd Sir I have the patronage of the principal merchants in N. England.
My father resides in Plymh.—and has depuis the war, been uniformly strenuous in support of Independence.
As my predominant ambition is to contribute to the good, and Improvement of my country I am persuaded your patriotic disposition will Even prompt you to contribute in refining and Improving those of the present generation who's first wish is to add to the Emolument of their youthfull, virtuous and bleeding country.
If your Important concerns will permit, a condecension of an answer, please direct to me at Mr. Williams.
This letter
The attention of mankind at this period seems to be turn'd to the Important object, of your mission, which is announc'd in the gazette's both of Europe and America. May GOD permit that you may prove the Author of preventing the further Effusion of human blood, that the present distraction of mankind may be lull'd into perfect harmony: and that we may once more Injoy the blessings of an Interupted and permanent peace, founded upon the basis of Liberty and Independence.
Watson sailed on 4 Aug. 1779, the day after La Sensible arrived at Boston. JA, however, left the frigate on 2 Aug. and went directly to Braintree, leading Watson to give the letters intended for JA to James Warren who was apparently then in Boston. The only letter recommending Watson that has been found is James Warren's of 29 July 1779 (JA, Diary and Autobiography
, 2:400; vol. 8:98–101).
The letter from Jane Mecom, Benjamin Franklin's sister, was of 23 June 1779 (Franklin, Papers
, 29:722–725).
No letters of introduction or recommendation to Jonathan Williams or J. D. Schweighauser have been found.
Elkanah Watson Jr., who had a long ca-34reer as a successful merchant, served his mercantile apprenticeship with John Brown, the Providence merchant, and in 1779 went to France with dispatches for Benjamin Franklin. After leaving Franklin, Watson established a mercantile firm at Nantes (
DAB
). With this letter Watson began a correspondence with JA that, according to the Adams Papers Editorial Files, spanned the next 45 years and produced 47 letters.
Samuel Wharton had gone to Lorient in early March with Arthur Lee and Ralph Izard to take passage on the Alliance for America (to Samuel Adams, 4 March, above).
I have to acknowledge the Receipt of three excellent Letters—one of the first, the other of the fifth and the third of the eighth of March. Thank You for the Copy of your Letter to the Pensioner1 and for your dialogue between York and Chatham.
It is undoubtedly the Duty of every Commercial Nation, to make their Flag to be respected in all the Seas and by all the Nations, not by insulting and injuring all others, like Great Britain, but by doing Justice to all others, and by insisting upon Justice from them. But how is Holland to obtain Justice2 from the English, who take a manifest pleasure and pride, in showing her, and all Europe, that they despise her? Holland seems to be as corrupted and unprincipled, as Great Britain, but there is one great difference between them. Great Britain has a terrible naval Force, Holland has next to none. Great Britain has Courage and Confidence in her Power. Holland has none. I don't mean that the Dutch are destitute of personal Courage, but national Courage is a very different thing.
The curious Doctrine of a constitutional Impossibility of acknowledging our Independence is well exposed in your Dialogue. I suppose the Idea was taken from Lord Chatham's dying Speech, when he conjured up the Ghost of the Princess Sophia of Hanover to whose Posterity being Protestants, the Act of Settlement had consecrated the Succession to the Crown, and its Authority over all parts of the Dominions. This was a masterly Stroke of Oratory to be sure, and shows that my Lord Chatham in his last Moments, had not lost the Knowledge of the prejudices in the Character of the English Nation, nor the Arts of Popularity.3 But a more manifest Address to the Passions and Prejudices of the Populace, without the least Attention to the Justice or Policy of the Principle, never fell from a popular Orator ancient or modern. Could my Lord Chatham contend, that the Heirs of the Princess Sophia of Hanover, provided they should 35be protestants, had the Throne and its Prerogatives entailed upon them, to everlasting Ages, over all parts of the British Dominions, let them do what they would, govern without Parliament, lay Taxes without Law dismiss Judges without Faults, suspend Laws, in short do every thing that the Stewarts did, and ten times more yet so long as they were Protestants, could there be no Resistance to their Will, and no Forfeiture of their Right to govern? I said this was a Figure of Rhetoric, employed by his Lordship ad captandum Vulgus.4 I believe so still, but I believe he meant it also ad capitandum Regem, and that he thought, by throwing out this Idea, that he was not for acknowledging our Independence, the King who at that Time was distressed for a Minister able in conducting a War, would call him into the Ministry. I ever lamented this black Spot in a very bright Character. I don't remember any thing in his Lordships Conduct, which seemed to me so suspicious to have proceeded from a perverted Heart, as this Flight. Allowance, however, ought to be made, perhaps he was misunderstood, and would have explained himself fairly, if he had lived.5
I have not seen the Pamphlet intituled Facts, nor that by Lloyd, nor the Examen, should be glad to see all of them. I find a difficulty in getting Pamphlets from England, but I will have a Channel to obtain them, by and by.
I went to Mr. Grand's, as soon as I received yours of the eighth. Mr. Grand, the Father,6 was out, and no other in the House knew any thing of your Letter or Maps or other things. I will speak to the Father the first Opportunity.
Mr. Lee is gone to L'Orient.
What think You of Luck? Had any Gambler ever so much as Rodney? One of our Tories in Boston, or half way Whigs, told me once, God loves that little Island of old England, and the People that live upon it. I suppose he would say now God loves Rodney. I don't draw the same Conclusion from the Successes, that the Island, or the Hero have had. I think it would be Blasphemy to say, that he loves so degenerate and profligate a Race: but I think it more probable, that Heaven has permitted this Series of good Fortune to attend the wicked that the righteous Americans may reflect in Time, and place their Confidence in their own Patience, Fortitude, Performance, political Wisdom and military Talents, under the Protection and Blessing of his Providence.
There are some who believe that if France and Spain had not interposed, America would have been crushed. There are in other 36parts of Europe, I am told, a greater Number who believe, that if it had not been for the Interposition of France and Spain, American Independence would have been acknowledged a Year or two ago. I believe neither the one nor the other. I know the deep Roots of American Independency on one Side of the Water, and I know the deep Roots of the Aversion to it; on the other.
If it was rational to suppose, that the English should succeed in their Design and Endeavour to destroy the Fleets and naval Power of France and Spain, which they are determined to do, if they can, what would be the Consequence? There are long Lists of French and Spanish Ships of the Line, yet to be destroyed, which will cost the English several Campaigns and a long Roll of Millions, and after this they may send sixty thousand Men to America, if they can get them and what then? Why the Glory of baffling, exhausting, beating and taking them will finally be that of the American Yeomanry, whose Numbers have increased every Year, since this War began, as I learnt with Certainty in my late Visit Home, and will increase every Year, in spite of all the Art, Malice, Skill, Valour and Activity of the English, and all their Allies. I hope however that the capricious Goddess, will bestow some of her favours upon France and Spain, and a very few of them would do the Work. If Rodney's Fortune should convince Spain that She is attacking the Bull by the Horns, and France and Spain, that the true System for conducting this War, is by keeping just Force enough in the Channel to protect their Courts and their Trade, and by sending all the rest of their Ships into the American Seas, it will be the best Fortune for the Allies they ever had.
I long to learn Mr. J.s Success at Madrid, and Mr. Laurens's Arrival in Holland, where I will go to see him sometime in the Summer or Fall.7
I have the Honor to be etc.,
P.S. Pray can you inform me, what Sums have been annually paid, as Subsidies by France, or England, to the House of Austria, or the King of Prussia, or other Powers, in former Wars?
Jenings included an extract from his letter of 27 Jan. 1780 to the Grand Pensionary of Amsterdam, Engelbert van Berckel, in his letter of 1 March to JA (Adams Papers). Jenings expressed to van Berckel his strong views on the need for the Netherlands to oppose effectively the British navy's assault on its commerce so that its flag would be respected and its neutrality preserved. Jenings supported his argument with a long passage from Baron Ja-37cob Friedrich von Bielfeld's Institutions politiques, The Hague, 1740, on a sovereign state's obligation to compel respect for its flag on the high seas. Jenings told JA that he had “sent to another quarter for publication” both the extract from his letter to van Berckel and a passage regarding British efforts to obtain supremacy on the high seas from Gabriel Bonnot, Abbé de Mably's Des principes des négociations, pour servir
d'introduction au droit public de l'Europe, fondé sur les traités, The Hague, 1767, which he included in his letter to JA. For Jenings' quotations from the works of Von Bielfeld and de Mably, as translated by JA, see JA's letter of 12 March to the president of Congress (No. 17, below).
In the Letterbook this sentence originally began “But how is Holland to compel G. B. to do her Justice.”
For the earl of Chatham's alleged doctrine of “constitutional impossibility,” see Jenings' letter of 5 March, and note 9 (above); for Chatham's “dying” speech, see
Parliamentary Hist.
, 19:1022–1026. In the months prior to Chatham's final speech in the House of Lords on 9 April 1778, shortly before his death on 11 May, there had been much speculation that he would be included in a new cabinet. The deterioration of the military situation in America, particularly the defeat at Saratoga, seemed to make such a course possible despite George III's personal unwillingness to have Chatham serve in any ministerial capacity (O. A. Sherrard, Lord Chatham and America, London, 1958, p. 373–380). It is not surprising that JA would see Chatham's position in his final speech as a product of his well known ambition, intended to ingratiate himself with George III and thus remove any obstacles to his return to power.
That is, to captivate the masses and, in the following sentence, to captivate the King.
The following three paragraphs were set off by parentheses and preceded by the word “Omit” in pencil. “Omit” appears to be in Jenings' hand and may indicate that he sought to have an extract from this letter published. If so, the printed letter has not been found.
Ferdinand Grand and his son, Henry, were Paris bankers, long supporters of the American cause.
After Henry Laurens' capture in Sept. 1780, he was brought to England and did not reach continental Europe until Nov. 1782 (see JA to James Lovell, 19 Feb., note 3, vol. 8:334).